En af Europas sidste utæmmede floder er truet af dæmninger

Under et bredt platan nær Albaniens grænse med Grækenland, Jorgji Ilia fylder en forslået kolbe fra en af ​​Vjosa-flodens mange kilder.

"Der er intet andet bedre end floden, "siger den pensionerede skolelærer." Vjosa giver skønhed til vores landsby. "

Vjosaen er temperamentsfuld og omskiftelig, skiftende fra gennemskinnelig koboltblå til slambrun til smaragdgrøn, fra en jævn strøm til en rasende torrent. Intet holder den tilbage i mere end 270 kilometer (170 miles) i sin bane gennem de skovdækkede skråninger af Grækenlands Pindus-bjerge til Albaniens Adriaterhavskyst.

Dette er en af ​​Europas sidste vilde floder. Men hvor længe?

Albaniens regering har sat planer i gang om at inddæmme Vjosa og dens bifloder for at generere tiltrængt elektricitet til et af Europas fattigste lande, med det formål at bygge otte dæmninger langs hovedfloden.

Det er en del af verdens vandkraftboom, hovedsageligt i Sydøstasien, Sydamerika, Afrika og mindre udviklede dele af Europa. Alene på Balkan, omkring 2, 800 projekter for at tæmme floder er i gang eller planlagt - en "dæmningstsunami, " siger Olsi Nika fra EcoAlbania, en nonprofit, der modarbejder projekterne.

Nogle fremhæver vandkraft som en pålidelig, billig og vedvarende energikilde, der hjælper med at bremse afhængighed af planetopvarmende fossile brændstoffer som kul, olie og naturgas. Det mellemstatslige panel om klimaændringer siger, at det har "betydeligt potentiale" til yderligere at reducere kulstofemissioner.

Men nogle nyere undersøgelser stiller spørgsmålstegn ved vandkraftens værdi i kampen mod global opvarmning. Kritikere som EcoAlbania siger, at fordelene ved vandkraft er overvurderet - og opvejes af den skade, dæmninger kan gøre.

Floder er en afgørende del af det globale vandkredsløb. De fungerer som naturens arterier, transporterer energi og næringsstoffer hen over store landskaber, levere vand til drikke, fødevareproduktion og industri. De er et transportmiddel for mennesker og varer, og et tilflugtssted for sejlere og lystfiskere. Floder er hjemsted for en mangfoldighed af fisk - inklusive små minnows, ørred og laks – og giver ly og føde til fugle og pattedyr.

Men dæmninger afbryder deres flow, og livet i og omkring dem. Mens installation af fiskestiger og udvidelse af tunneler til bypass -dæmninger hjælper nogle arter, det har ikke virket på steder som Amazonas, siger Julian Olden, en økolog fra University of Washington, der har undersøgt virkningerne af dæmninger i Brasilien, Australien og USA

Dæmninger blokerer den naturlige strøm af vand og sediment, og kan forårsage skadelige temperatursvingninger. De kan også ændre vandets kemi og få giftige alger til at vokse.

"Når dæmninger går ind, der er næsten ingen vej tilbage, " siger Olden. "Du sulter en flod af vand. Det er ikke overraskende, at dets indbyggere sandsynligvis vil forsvinde."

De, der bor langs flodbredden eller er afhængige af vandvejen for deres levebrød, frygter, at dæmninger kan dræbe Vjosa, som de kender den. Dens skrøbelige økosystem vil blive ændret irreversibelt, og mange beboere vil miste deres jord og hjem.

"Det er ligesom mennesker, " siger Elton Pashollari, en river rafting-guide, hvis kunder i stigende grad tiltrækkes af Vjosas vildskab. "Hvad sker der, hvis en af ​​dine arterier, det stopper, blod ikke cirkulerer mere? Det er det samme med Vjosaen.«

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Fra Ilias platan nær den græske grænse, Vjosa flyder nordpå gennem smalle kløfter, før den passerer forbi byen Tepelene, vokser mere sløv og udvider sig til brede grusbanker, dens strømning opdeles i tråde - hvad forskerne kalder en flettet flod.

This characteristic is typical of wild rivers and is critical to the local ecosystem. It creates diverse habitats and allows sediment to flow, fertilizing the floodplains and rejuvenating the riverbed.

It is here that the Vjosa reveals another side of its wild nature. After seasonal floods, the river can change course, its braids re-forming along the deep gravel that serves as a filter and self-purification system. It skips from left to right to the center, across an area around 1.5 kilometers (1 mile) wide.

"A natural river is a dynamic river ... a living river, " says Nika of EcoAlbania. "It's living day by day and it changes its face. After each flood, you could never see the same scenery."

The river's ability to clean itself has proved crucial in a country where waste management is often rudimentary. Årevis, people have dumped trash in gullies that washed into the river, leaving trails of plastic and cloth clinging to tree branches. Some towns still dump raw sewage, but the river's self-cleansing means that the overall water quality is passable.

About 25 kilometers (16 miles) northwest of Tepelene, the riverbed narrows into another tight, steep gorge teeming with life, where birds swoop from trees anchored precariously in the cliff-face. Just beyond that comes the first sign of how dramatically a dam would affect the river and the life connected to it.

Emerging from the canyon, it looks like a strip mine. This is Kalivac, one of the proposed dam sites. An Italian company was awarded a contract in the late 1990s. Construction began, but never finished, plagued with delays and financial woes. It now lies derelict with guards stationed to prevent looting.

Half the hill on one side has been dug away, creating giant steps into the rock. Vehicles sit abandoned, a digging machine sunken into the ground, branches and debris clinging to its frame.

Nu, the government has awarded a new contract for the site to a Turkish company.

For Benedikt Baeumler, a German advertising executive kayaking the length of the river, the sight was a shock.

"I felt like there's all this wonderful nature, and then suddenly to see these stairs, like the Egyptian pyramids, " han siger.

A few days earlier and several miles upriver, the 43-year-old had been ambivalent about the hydropower projects, noting his own country had also dammed its rivers.

But what he saw at the Kalivac site changed his mind.

"It was really unbelievable what they did to nature, removing entire parts of the mountain, " han sagde, setting up camp on a sandbar back in June. "I hope this dam is never built."

Many locals agree. Dozens of residents from the village of Kute, further downriver, joined nonprofits to file what was Albania's first environmental lawsuit against the construction of a dam in the Pocem gorge, a short distance downriver from Kalivac. They won in 2017, but the government has appealed.

The victory, while significant, was just one battle. A week later, the government issued the Kalivac contract. EcoAlbania plans to fight that project, også.

Ecologically, there is a lot at stake.

A 2018 study led by University of Vienna's Fritz Schiemer found the Vjosa was incredibly diverse. The team logged more than 90 types of aquatic invertebrates in the places where dams are planned, plus hundreds of fish, amphibian and reptile species, some endangered and others endemic to the Balkans.

But "the majority of the specific biodiversity will disappear in the case of the planned dam constructions, " they warned.

Dams can unravel food chains by reducing populations of insects that feed fish and by limiting spawning, which in turn leaves less prey for fish-eating birds and mammals. But the most well-known problem with building dams is that they block the paths of fish trying to migrate upstream to spawn. The U.S. Atlantic salmon population has plummeted, ifølge National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in great part due to dams.

As pressure to build dams intensifies in less developed countries, the opposite is happening in the U.S. and western Europe, where there's a movement to tear down dams considered obsolete and environmentally destructive.

Mere end 1, 600 have been dismantled in the U.S., most within the past 30 years, according to the advocacy group American Rivers. I Europa, the largest-ever removal began this year in France, where two dams are being torn down on Normandy's Selune River.

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With so few wild rivers left around the globe, the Vjosa also is a valuable resource for studying river behavior.

"Science is only at the beginning of understanding how biodiversity in river networks is structured and maintained, " says researcher Gabriel Singer of the Leibniz-Institute in Germany. "The Vjosa is a unique system."

For Shyqyri Seiti, it's much more personal.

The 65-year-old boatman has been transporting locals, goods and livestock across the river for about a quarter century. The construction of the Kalivac dam would spell disaster for him. Many of the fields and some of the houses in his nearby village of Ane Vjose would be lost.

"For mig, the river is everything, " he says. "Someone will benefit from the construction of the dam, but it will flood everyone in the area. ... What if they were in our place, how would they feel to lose everything?"

His love for the river runs deep:It feeds his family by providing work and fish to eat and sell. He taught his five children to swim here. Every morning, he runs down to the river just to take in the view.

Seiti has protested against the plans, but some of his neighbors disagree. The mayor, Metat Shehu, insists the community "has no interest" in the matter.

"The Vjosa is polluted. The plants and creatures of Vjosa have vanished, " Shehu says while tending his goats. The biggest issue, he adds, is that villagers are being offered too little to give up their land. He hopes the dam will bring investment to the area.

About 10 kilometers (6 miles) downriver of Ane Vjose lies the village of Kute, on a hill overlooking the Vjosa as it snakes its way north to the sea. Kute residents joined the lawsuit against the Pocem dam that would flood their fields, some houses and, crucially for many, a cemetery. Relieved by their victory, they now wait anxiously for the outcome of the government's appeal.

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There are some signs in their favor. I august, the government announced it was canceling a project in central Albania's Holta Canyon near the town of Gramsh, and would tear down part of a dam that's already built. The Infrastructure and Energy Ministry said in a statement the decision came after discussions with residents and an environmental review. Energy ministry officials rejected multiple interview requests to discuss the Vjosa River and the country's hydropower plans.

Could the Vjosa projects also be stopped?

Jonus Jonuzi, a 70-year-old farmer who grew up along the river, still has hope.

He raised his children here and now watches his grandchildren play in its waters. Before dawn each day, he crosses a bridge over a narrow gorge to tend to his goats before his son drives them to drink from a local spring, where the water emerges cold and crystal clear.

"Everything I have, I have because of the river, " he says. "Albania needs electrical energy. But not by creating one thing and destroying another. Why do such damage that will be irreparable for life, that future generations will blame us for what we've done?"

© 2019 The Associated Press. Alle rettigheder forbeholdes.