Arkæologer har undersøgt stedet for Mayapán siden 1950'erne. Kredit:Bradley Russell, Forfatter leveret
Byen Mayapán var den største mayaby fra cirka 1200 til 1450 e.Kr. Det var et vigtigt politisk, økonomisk og religiøst centrum og hovedstaden i en stor stat, der kontrollerede store dele af det nordvestlige Yucatan i det nuværende Mexico.
Da spanierne ankom i begyndelsen af 1500-tallet, blev Mayapán med glæde husket, og mayaerne hævdede stolt afstamning fra sine tidligere borgere. Men iboende ustabilitet betød, at det var dømt til at mislykkes.
Eller sådan gik historien. Denne fortælling har påvirket synet på denne vigtige by og denne periode af Maya-civilisationen mere bredt i nogen tid.
I en ny undersøgelse viser mine samarbejdspartnere og jeg, at krigsførelse, sammenbrud og opgivelse ved Mayapán ikke var uundgåelige. I stedet blev de forværret af tørke.
Spor af en massakre
Eksperter fra en bred vifte af felter arbejdede sammen for at sammensætte denne historie. Holdet inkluderede arkæologer, biologiske antropologer, geologer og palæoklimatologer.
Arkæologer ledet af Carlos Peraza Lope fra Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia i Mexico og Marilyn Masson fra University at Albany-State University of New York har undersøgt ruinerne af Mayapán intensivt siden henholdsvis 1996 og 1999. Der har været periodisk arbejde på stedet siden 1950'erne.
Forskere har længe haft mistanke om, at Mayapán kollapsede voldsomt, baseret på tidlige koloniale dokumenter. Disse optegnelser beskriver et oprør ledet af den adelige Xiu-familie, der resulterede i massakren på den regerende Cocom-familie.
Da arkæologer fra Carnegie Institute of Washington begyndte at undersøge stedet i 1950'erne, var de ikke overraskede over at finde begravede lig, som ikke havde fået den sædvanlige respektfulde begravelsesbehandling.
Kredit:Bradley Russell, Forfatter leveret
vanhelligelse og ødelæggelse
Jeg er bioarkæolog, hvilket betyder, at mit job var at lede efter beviser på traumer i skeletterne, der kan have bidraget til disse personers død. Disse beviser ville understøtte ideen om et voldeligt sammenbrud af byen.
De fleste begravelser manglede beviser for vold. Nogle udviste dog skader såsom indlejrede pilespidser, stiksår eller stump krafttraume på kraniet.
Tegnene på vold var koncentreret i vigtige sammenhænge på stedet og fundet i forbindelse med beviser på vanhelligelse og bevidst ødelæggelse. Det ser ud til, at nogle af stedets egne eliteindbyggere havde været mål for vold.
Tigende vold
For at finde ud af, hvornår denne konflikt opstod, og hvordan den relaterede sig til ændringer i klimaet, krævede det et stort antal højpræcise radiocarbondatoer og palæoklimadata fra Mayapáns omegn.
Disse analyser blev udført i laboratorierne hos Douglas Kennett fra University of California, Santa Barbara, David Hodell ved University of Cambridge og kolleger.
As a result, we now have more radiocarbon dating information for Mayapán than for any other Mayan site.
The temple of Kukulkan, dedicated to the feathered serpent deity, was at the heart of Mayapán’s most sacred precinct. Credit:Susan Milbrath, Author provided
Paleoclimate data, meanwhile, was obtained from a stalagmite recovered from a cave directly beneath the site's principal temple pyramid, which was dedicated to the feathered serpent deity Kukulkan.
These analyses revealed that episodes of violence became more common later in the site's history, corresponding with evidence of drought that began in the late 1300s and continued into the 1400s.
One mass grave in particular, recovered in Mayapán's most sacred precinct at the foot of the temple of Kukulkan, appeared to date to around the time of the city's purported collapse in the mid-1400s. Remarkably, this was confirmed through radiocarbon analyses, corroborating historical accounts of the site's violent overthrow at this time.
Drought and decline
But the story does not end there.
Radiocarbon dating also provided the surprising result that Mayapán's population started falling after approximately 1350 AD. Indeed, the city was already largely abandoned by the time of its famous collapse in the mid 1400s.
It may be that as drought continued through the late 1300s, the residents of Mayapán started voting with their feet.
After Mayapán's fall, the city's former inhabitants returned to their ancestral homelands in different parts of the Yucatan Peninsula. By the time of Spanish contact in the early 1500s, the peninsula was divided into a number of independent provinces, some of which were thriving.
Climate migration
Although from a vastly different time and place, our study contributes to current efforts to combat global climate change.
When environmental conditions were favorable, populations expanded. But when conditions deteriorated, this put pressure on social and political institutions.
Mayapán's people migrated away from the city to cope with the change in climate. While migration may be less of a solution in the face of today's climate change, due to global population levels, climate refugees are expected to rapidly grow in number without significant action by governments and citizenry alike.
Big questions, big collaboration
To address big questions such as this requires a level of multidisciplinary collaboration that is difficult to achieve but essential.
Importantly, local Yucatecan Mayan communities have been integral to this process. Inhabitants of the equally ancient town of Telchaquillo, located just outside Mayapán, have contributed to this work in innumerable ways, including excavation, artifact cleaning, processing and analysis. + Udforsk yderligere
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