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Er det grønt eller for evigt giftigt? Nuklear splid ved klimaforhandlinger

En arbejder sprøjter et lag cementbeskyttelse i en tunnel efter radioaktivt affald i et underjordisk laboratorium, drevet af Andra, et agentur, der håndterer affaldet, i Bure, det østlige Frankrig, torsdag den 28. oktober 2021. Atomkraft er et centralt problem. da forhandlerne planlægger verdens fremtidige energistrategi ved klimaforhandlingerne i Glasgow, Skotland. Kredit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

Dybt inde i en fransk skov af ege, birke og fyrretræer bærer en lind strøm af lastbiler en stille påmindelse om atomenergiens ofte usynlige omkostninger:dåser med radioaktivt affald, der er på vej til opbevaring i de næste 300 år.

Mens forhandlerne planlægger, hvordan de kan brænde verden, samtidig med at de reducerer kulstofemissionerne ved klimaforhandlinger i Skotland, er atomkraft et centralt problem. Kritikere fordømmer dets enorme prisskilt, den uforholdsmæssige skade forårsaget af atomulykker og radioaktive rester, der forbliver dødelige i tusinder af år.

Men stadig mere højrøstede og magtfulde fortalere – nogle klimaforskere og miljøeksperter blandt dem – hævder, at atomkraft er verdens bedste håb om at holde klimaændringerne under kontrol, idet de bemærker, at den udsender så få planetskadelige emissioner og i gennemsnit er sikrere end næsten alle andre. anden energikilde. Atomulykker er skræmmende, men yderst sjældne – mens forurening fra kul og andre fossile brændstoffer forårsager død og sygdom hver dag, siger videnskabsmænd.

"Omfanget af, hvad den menneskelige civilisation forsøger at gøre i løbet af de næste 30 år (for at bekæmpe klimaændringer), er svimlende," sagde Matt Bowen, fra Columbia University's Center for Global Energy Policy. "Det vil være meget mere skræmmende, hvis vi udelukker nye atomkraftværker - eller endnu mere skræmmende, hvis vi beslutter os for at lukke atomkraftværker alle sammen."

Audrey Guillemenet, geolog og talsmand, viser et kort over et underjordisk laboratorium drevet af det franske agentur for håndtering af radioaktivt affald Andra, i Bure, det østlige Frankrig, torsdag den 28. oktober 2021. Atomkraft er et centralt problem, når forhandlere planlægger verdens fremtidig energistrategi ved klimaforhandlingerne i Glasgow, Skotland. Kredit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

Mange regeringer presser på for at forankre atomenergi i klimaplaner, der hash ud på konferencen i Glasgow, kendt som COP26. Den Europæiske Union diskuterer i mellemtiden, om atomenergi skal betegnes som officielt "grøn" - en beslutning, der vil styre milliarder af euros investeringer i de kommende år. Det har konsekvenser på verdensplan, da EU's politik kan sætte en standard, som andre økonomier følger.

Men hvad med alt det affald? Reaktorer verden over producerer tusindvis af tons højradioaktivt detritus om året, oven i hvad der allerede er efterladt af årtiers udnyttelse af atomet til at elektrificere hjem og fabrikker rundt om i verden.

Tyskland er førende i flokken af ​​lande, hovedsageligt inden for EU, der står stærkt imod at mærke nukleare som "grøn". I mellemtiden støtter Biden-administrationen atomkraft, Kina har en halv snes reaktorer under opførelse – og selv Japan promoverer atomenergi igen, 10 år efter katastrofen ved sit Fukushima-kraftværk.

En udstilling af komprimeret radioaktivt affald står i et udstillingslokale ved siden af ​​et underjordisk laboratorium drevet af det franske bureau for håndtering af radioaktivt affald Andra, i Bure, det østlige Frankrig, torsdag den 28. oktober 2021. Atomkraft er et centralt problem, når forhandlerne planlægger verdens fremtidige energistrategi ved klimaforhandlingerne i Glasgow, Skotland. Kredit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

Men intet sted i verden er så afhængig af atomreaktorer som Frankrig, der er på forkant med det pro-nukleare fremstød på europæisk og globalt plan. Og det er blandt førende aktører inden for atomaffaldsindustrien, genbrug eller oparbejdning af materialer fra hele verden.

Syd for første verdenskrigs slagmarker i Verdun kører lastbiler med radioaktivitetsadvarselsmærkater ind på et affaldsopbevaringssted nær landsbyen Soulaines-Dhuys. De bliver gentagne gange tjekket, tørret og scannet for lækager. Deres last – komprimeret affald fyldt i beton- eller stålcylindre – stables af robotkraner i varehuse, som derefter fyldes med grus og forsegles med mere beton.

Agenturet, der håndterer affaldet, Andra, ved, at det skræmmer folk. "Jeg kan ikke kæmpe mod folks frygt. Vores rolle er at garantere sikkerheden for mennesker og miljøet og arbejderne på stedet," sagde talsmand Thierry Pochot.

Audrey Guillemenet, geolog og talsmand, viser et projekt for radioaktivt affald drevet af det franske bureau for håndtering af radioaktivt affald Andra, i Bure, det østlige Frankrig, torsdag den 28. oktober 2021. Atomkraft er et centralt problem, når forhandlere planlægger verdens fremtid energistrategi ved klimaforhandlingerne i Glasgow, Skotland. Kredit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

Opbevaringsenhederne rummer 90 % af Frankrigs lav- til mellemaktive radioaktive affald, inklusive værktøj, tøj og andet materiale knyttet til reaktordrift og vedligeholdelse. Siden er designet til at holde i mindst 300 år efter den sidste forsendelse ankommer, når radioaktiviteten af ​​indholdet forventes ikke at være højere end niveauerne i naturen.

For affald med længere levetid - hovedsagelig brugt atombrændsel, som forbliver potentielt dødeligt i titusinder af år - er Frankrig ved at lægge grunden til et permanent, dybt jordbundsdepot under majs- og hvedemarker uden for den nærliggende stenhusby Bure.

Omkring 500 meter (yards) under overfladen udfører arbejdere tests på leret og granitten, hugger tunneler og søger at bevise, at den langsigtede lagringsplan er den sikreste løsning for fremtidige generationer. Lignende websteder er også under udvikling eller undersøgelse i andre lande.

En gruppe aktivister støder sammen med uropolitibetjente tidligt onsdag den 23. november 2011 i Lieusaint, Normandiet, Frankrig, da de forsøger at blokere togskinnerne i et forsøg på at stoppe et tog fyldt med atomaffald og på vej til Gorleben i Tyskland . Atomkraft er et centralt problem, når forhandlerne planlægger verdens fremtidige energistrategi ved klimaforhandlingerne i Glasgow, Skotland. Kritikere fordømmer dets enorme prisskilt, den uforholdsmæssige skade forårsaget af nukleare ulykker og radioaktivt affald. Men en voksende pro-nuklear lejr hævder, at den i gennemsnit er sikrere end næsten enhver anden energikilde. Kredit:AP Photo/David Vincent, Fil

Hvis depotet vinder fransk myndighedsgodkendelse, vil det rumme omkring 85.000 tons (94.000 tons) af det mest radioaktive affald, der er produceret "fra begyndelsen af ​​den nukleare æra til slutningen af ​​eksisterende nukleare faciliteter," sagde Audrey Guillemenet, geolog og talsmand for det underjordiske laboratorium.

"Vi kan ikke efterlade dette affald på lagerpladser på overfladen," hvor det er nu, sagde hun. "Det er sikkert, men ikke bæredygtigt."

The 25 billion euro ($29 billion) cost of the proposed repository is already built into budgeting by French utilities, Guillemenet said. But that's just one piece of the staggering cost of building and operating nuclear plants, and one of the reasons that opposition abounds.

All around Bure, street signs are replaced with graffiti reading "Nuclear is Over," and activists camp out at the town's main intersection.

Audrey Guillemenet, geologist and spokesperson, walks in a tunnel for radioactive waste next to the emergency safety room in an underground laboratory run by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

Greenpeace accuses the French nuclear industry of fobbing off waste on other countries and covering up problems at nuclear facilities, which industry officials deny. Activists staged a protest last week in the port of Dunkirk, as reprocessed uranium was being loaded onto a ship for St. Petersburg, demanding an end to nuclear energy and more research into solutions for existing waste.

"Nuclear waste ... needs to be dealt with," Bowen said. But "with fossil fuels, the waste is pumped into our atmosphere, which is threatening us from the risks of climate change and public health impacts from air pollution."

Some prominent scientists now embrace nuclear. They argue that over the past half-century, nuclear power stations have avoided the emission of an estimated 60 billion tons of carbon dioxide by providing energy that otherwise would have come from fossil fuels.

Greenpeace activists hold placards during the presentation of EDF group's 2016 results in Paris, Feb. 14, 2017. Greenpeace accuses the French nuclear industry of fobbing off waste on other countries and covering up problems at nuclear facilities, which industry officials deny. Credit:AP Photo/Thibault Camus, File

U.S. climate envoy John Kerry says he's changed his early career opposition to nuclear because of the greater necessity to cut emissions.

"People are beginning to understand the consequences of not going nuclear," said Kerry Emanuel, professor of atmospheric science at MIT. Amid a "growing awareness of the rise of climate risks around the world, people are beginning to say, 'that's a bit more frightening than nuclear power plants.'"

Some activists want to end nuclear energy today, and others want to phase it out soon. But Emanuel noted examples of countries or states that shut nuclear plants before renewables were ready to take up the slack—and had to return to coal or other planet-choking energy sources.

The current energy crunch is giving nuclear advocates another argument. With oil and gas costs driving an energy price crisis across Europe and beyond, French President Emmanuel Macron has trumpeted "European renewables and, of course, European nuclear."

  • Greenpeace activists unfold a banner reading "50 percent of nuclear energy by 2025" on the Seine River in front of the National Assembly in Paris, Monday, March 9, 2015. Greenpeace accuses the French nuclear industry of fobbing off waste on other countries and covering up problems at nuclear facilities, which industry officials deny. Credit:AP Photo/Remy de la Mauviniere, File

  • A road sign is painted with "Nuclear Is Over" next to an underground laboratory in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Audrey Guillemenet, geologist and spokesperson, shows a tunnel project map for radioactive waste in an underground laboratory run by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Measuring equipment and seismic detectors are placed in a tunnel for radioactive waste in an underground laboratory run by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Emilie Grandidier, spokesperson for French radioactive waste management agency Andra, left, and Audrey Guillemenet, geologist and spokesperson, stand in the elevator in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • A road sign is painted with a mask with nuclear logos next to an underground laboratory run by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. France is laying the groundwork for a permanent, deep-earth repository beneath corn and wheat fields outside the nearby stone-house hamlet of Bure. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • A technician stands next to a radioactive waste storage zone along a concrete-sealed warehouse in the Aube region of eastern France in Soulaines-Dhuys, Friday, Oct. 29, 2021. The site holds low- to mid-level radioactive waste from French nuclear plants as well as research and medical facilities, and its concrete-sealed warehouses are designed to store the waste for at least 300 years. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Thierry Pochot, spokesperson for radioactive waste storage sites in the Aube region of eastern France managed by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, walks in a concrete-sealed warehouse in Soulaines-Dhuys, Friday, Oct. 29, 2021. The site holds low- to mid-level radioactive waste from French nuclear plants as well as research and medical facilities, and its concrete-sealed warehouses are designed to store the waste for at least 300 years. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • A technician pilots robots for radioactive waste storage in a concrete-sealed warehouse in the Aube region of eastern France in Soulaines-Dhuys, Friday, Oct. 29, 2021. The site holds low- to mid-level radioactive waste from French nuclear plants as well as research and medical facilities, and its concrete-sealed warehouses are designed to store the waste for at least 300 years. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Audrey Guillemenet, geologist and spokesperson, shows a tunnel for radioactive waste in an underground laboratory run by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Technicians work in a tunnel for radioactive waste in an underground laboratory run by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • A technician works inside a truck with radioactive waste in the Aube region of eastern France, in Soulaines-Dhuys, Friday, Oct. 29, 2021. Deep in a French forest of oaks, birches and pines, a steady stream of trucks carries a silent reminder of nuclear energy's often invisible cost:canisters of radioactive waste, heading into storage for the next 300 years. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • A radioactive waste storage is lifted in a concrete-sealed warehouse in the Aube region of eastern France managed by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Soulaines-Dhuys, Friday, Oct. 29, 2021. The site holds low- to mid-level radioactive waste from French nuclear plants as well as research and medical facilities, and its concrete-sealed warehouses are designed to store the waste for at least 300 years. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • A technician controls a truck with radioactive waste in the Aube region of eastern France managed by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Soulaines-Dhuys, Friday, Oct. 29, 2021. Deep in a French forest of oaks, birches and pines, a steady stream of trucks carries a silent reminder of nuclear energy's often invisible cost:canisters of radioactive waste, heading into storage for the next 300 years. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Radioactive waste storage is lifted from a truck in a concrete-sealed warehouse in the Aube region of eastern France managed by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Soulaines-Dhuys, Friday, Oct. 29, 2021. Deep in a French forest of oaks, birches and pines, a steady stream of trucks carries a silent reminder of nuclear energy's often invisible cost:canisters of radioactive waste, heading into storage for the next 300 years. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Portraits of scientists Albert Einstein and Marie Curie decorate a concrete-sealed warehouse for radioactive waste storage in Soulaines-Dhuys, eastern France, Friday, Oct. 29, 2021. The site holds low- to mid-level radioactive waste from French nuclear plants as well as research and medical facilities, and its concrete-sealed warehouses are designed to store the waste for at least 300 years. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • An electricity windmills stands next to an underground laboratory run by French radioactive waste management agency Andra, in Bure, eastern France, Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021. The laboratory, at around 500 meters below the surface, is designed to prepare for a proposed long-term deep-earth nuclear waste repository. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori

  • Steam escapes at night from the nuclear plant of Nogent-sur-Seine, 110 kms (63 miles) south east of Paris, Sunday, Aug. 8, 2021. Nuclear power is a central sticking point as negotiators plot out the world's future energy strategy at the Glasgow climate talks. Critics decry its mammoth price tag, the accident risk and deadly waste. But a growing pro-nuclear camp argues that it's safer on average than nearly any other energy source. Credit:AP Photo/Francois Mori, File

The waste, meanwhile, isn't going away.

To make radioactive garbage dumps less worrying to local residents, Andra organizes school visits; one site even hosts an escape game. Waste storage researchers are readying for all kinds of potential future threats—revolution, extreme weather, even the next Ice Age, Guillemenet said.

Whatever happens in Glasgow, "whether we decide to go on with the nuclear energy or not," she said, "we will need to find a solution for the management of that nuclear waste" that humankind has already produced.

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