Waves on Lake Superior styrter mod Duluth, Minn. havnefronten 10. september, 2014. Kredit:Randen Pedersen, CC BY
De nordamerikanske store søer indeholder omkring en femtedel af verdens overflade ferskvand. I maj, nye højvandsrekorder blev sat på Lakes Erie og Superior, og der har været udbredt oversvømmelse over Ontariosøen for anden gang på tre år. Disse begivenheder falder sammen med vedvarende nedbør og kraftige oversvømmelser i store dele af det centrale Nordamerika.
Så sent som i 2013, vandstanden på de fleste af de store søer var meget lav. På det tidspunkt foreslog nogle eksperter, at klimaændringer, sammen med andre menneskelige handlinger såsom kanaluddybning og omledning af vand, vil få vandstanden til at fortsætte med at falde. Dette scenario vakte alvorlig bekymring. Over 30 millioner mennesker bor i De Store Søers bassin, og mange er direkte afhængige af søerne for at få drikkevand, industriel brug, kommerciel skibsfart og rekreation.
Men siden 2014 har problemet været for meget vand, ikke for lidt. Højvande udgør lige så mange udfordringer for regionen, herunder erosion ved kysten, ejendomsskade, forskydning af familier og forsinkelser i plantning af forårsafgrøder. New Yorks guvernør Andrew Cuomo erklærede for nylig undtagelsestilstand som reaktion på oversvømmelserne omkring Lake Ontario, mens han opfordrede til bedre planlægningsbeslutninger i lyset af klimaændringer.
Som forskere med speciale i hydrologi og klimavidenskab, vi mener, at hurtige overgange mellem ekstremt høje og lave vandniveauer i de store søer repræsenterer det "nye normal". Vores opfattelse er baseret på vekselvirkninger mellem global klimavariabilitet og komponenterne i det regionale hydrologiske kredsløb. Stigende nedbør, truslen om tilbagevendende perioder med høj fordampning, og en kombination af både rutinemæssige og usædvanlige klimahændelser - såsom ekstreme koldluftudbrud - sætter regionen i ukendt område.
Seneste månedlige vandstand på Lake Superior og Erie -søen (sorte prikker). Blå søjler er rekordhøje for hver kalendermåned, og sorte bjælker er rekordlows. Vandstanden for maj 2019 præsenteres som en rød bjælke for tydelighedens skyld. Kredit:Billede udviklet ved hjælp af online Great Lakes Dashboard (https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/dashboard/GLD.html) vedligeholdt af National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) og University of Michigan Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), CC BY-ND
Beregning af søernes vandbudget
De nuværende vandstande på De Store Søer sætter rekorder. Lake Superior, den største ferskvandssø på jorden efter overfladeareal, overgået sin rekord på 602,82 fod for maj måned, og er klar til at sætte ny rekord for juni måned. Lake Erie, verdens niende største sø efter overfladeareal, overgik ikke kun sit rekordvandstand i maj måned, men også den hidtidige månedlige vandstandsrekord på 574,28 fod, som har stået siden juni 1986.
Disse ekstremer skyldes ændringer i De Store Søers vandbudget – vandets bevægelse ind og ud af søerne. Vandstanden på tværs af søerne svinger over tid, hovedsageligt påvirket af tre faktorer:regn og snefald over søerne, fordampning over søerne, og afstrømning, der kommer ind i hver sø fra det omkringliggende land gennem bifloder og floder. Afstrømning er direkte påvirket af nedbør over land, snedække og jordfugtighed.
Interaktioner mellem disse faktorer driver ændringer i mængden af vand, der er lagret i hver af de store søer. For eksempel, in the late 1990s surface water temperatures on Lakes Superior and Michigan-Huron rose by roughly 2 degrees C. Water evaporates more rapidly when it is warmer, and during this period evaporation rates were nearly 30% above annual average levels. Water levels on Lake Michigan-Huron dropped to the lowest levels ever recorded.
Then in 2014 the Midwest experienced an extraordinary cold air outbreak, widely dubbed the "polar vortex." The lakes froze and evaporation rates dropped. Som resultat, water levels surged.
Runoff from melting snow that accumulates around the Great Lakes each winter, shown here on March 25, 2019, is one element of the lakes’ water budget. Credit:NASA Earth Observatory
At roughly the same time, precipitation was increasing. The 2017 Lake Ontario flood followed a spring of extreme overland precipitation in the Lake Ontario and Saint Lawrence River basins. The 2019 flood follows the wettest U.S. winter in history.
What do these trends mean for water levels? In addition to the current onset of record highs, water levels in Lake Erie have been rising earlier in spring and declining earlier in fall. More winter precipitation is falling, often as snow. The snow is melting earlier in response to rising temperatures and shorter winters. The resulting runoff is then amplified in years like 2019 with large springtime rains. The net effect of this combination of hydrological events is that Lake Erie's current water levels are much higher than usual for this time of year.
Klimaændringernes rolle
Great Lakes water levels have varied in the past, so how do we know whether climate change is a factor in the changes taking place now?
Precipitation increases in winter and spring are consistent with the fact that a warming atmosphere can transport more water vapor. Converting water from vapor to liquid and ice releases energy. Som resultat, increased atmospheric moisture contributes to more precipitation during extreme events. Det er, when weather patterns are wet, they are very wet.
Changes in seasonal cycles of snowmelt and runoff align with the fact that spring is coming earlier in a changing climate. Climate models project that this trend will continue. Tilsvarende rising lake temperatures contribute to increased evaporation. When weather patterns are dry, this produces lower lake levels.
Wet and dry periods are influenced by storm tracks, which are related to global-scale processes such as El Niño. Tilsvarende cold air outbreaks are related to the Arctic Oscillation and associated shifts in the polar jet stream. These global patterns often have indirect effects on Great Lakes weather. It is uncertain how these relationships will change as the planet warms.
Tools for better forecasts
Rapid changes in weather and water supply conditions across the Great Lakes and upper Midwest are already challenging water management policy, engineering infrastructure and human behavior. We are undoubtedly observing the effects of a warming climate in the Great Lakes, but many questions remain to be answered.
The Great Lakes are, collectively, a critical water resource. Government agencies and weather forecasters need new tools to assess how future climate conditions may affect the Great Lakes water budget and water levels, along with better shorter-term forecasts that capture changing conditions.
Soils in most of the Great Lakes states are extremely wet. For eksempel, in 99th percentile zones, soil moisture is higher than 98% of the entire historical record. Credit:NOAA (https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Soilmst_Monitoring/US/Soilmst/Soilmst.shtml#)
Innovative techniques, such as incorporating information from snow and soil moisture maps into seasonal water supply forecasts, can help capture a full picture of what is happening to the water budget. The bigger point is that past conditions around the Great Lakes are not a reliable basis for decision-making that will carry into the future.
Denne artikel er genudgivet fra The Conversation under en Creative Commons-licens. Læs den originale artikel.